In October 1974, the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) ordered 36 F-5E and 6 F-5B aircraft from Northrop for $72 million. The first three aircraft arrived on 12 March 1975.[59] In 1988, FAB acquired 22 F-5E and four F-5F second-hand USAF "aggressor" fighters. A total of 15 of these aircraft were part of the initial batch of 30 aircraft produced by Northrop.[60] In 1990, FAB retired all remaining five F-5Bs; later, they were sent to Brazilian museums around the country.[61]
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In 2001, Elbit Systems and Embraer started work on a $230 million Brazilian F-5 modernization program, performed over an eight-year period, upgrading 46 F-5E/F aircraft, re-designated as F-5EM and F-5FM. The modernization centered on several areas: new electronic warfare systems, the Grifo F radar, an air-to-air refueling system, INS/GPS-based navigation, support for new weapons, targeting and self-defense systems, HOTAS, LCD displays, helmet-mounted displays (HMDs), Radar Warning Receiver, encrypted communications, cockpit compatibility for night vision goggles, On-Board Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) and various new onboard computer upgrades. One important capability is the secure communication with R-99 airborne early warning platforms and ground stations.[62]
Externally, the new aircraft features a larger nose cone that accommodates the larger radar equipment. The first F-5EM was handed over on 21 September 2005.[63] On 7 July 2003, four Rafael Litening III targeting pods were ordered at a cost of US$13 million,[64] to be used on F-5M together with three Rafael Sky Shield jamming pods ordered on 5 July 2006 at a cost of US$42 million.[65]
In 2009, FAB bought eight single-seat and three twin-seat F-5F used aircraft from Jordan in a US$21 million deal. These aircraft were built between 1975 and 1980.[66] On 14 April 2011, a contract of $153 million was signed with Embraer and Elbit to modernize the additional F-5s bought from Jordan, and to supply one more flight simulator as a continuation of the contract signed in 2000. These F-5s will receive the same configuration as those from the initial 46 F-5s currently completing the upgrade process. The first delivery of this second batch of upgraded jet fighters is scheduled for 2013 with expected use to 2030.[67][68]
In addition, the starboard M39 20 mm cannon mounted in the nose was removed to make way for additional avionics (the sole cannon on the two-seaters was removed because of this), and to improve maneuverability, upgraded aircraft received larger leading edge root extensions (LERX). The process began in March 1996 and was completed by 2001, receiving the new designation of F-5S/T. In 1998, the eight RF-5Es also received the upgrades (except for the radar) and were redesignated as RF-5S.[17] Each F-5S/T upgraded reportedly cost SGD$6 million.[107]
1832 - Hippolyte Pixii (France) built the first dynamo using a commutator, his model created pulses of electricity separated by no current. He also by accident created the first alternator. He did not know what to do with the changing current, he concentrated on trying to eliminate the alternating current to get DC power, this led him to create the commutator. 1830s-1860s - The battery is still the most powerful way to supply electricity for the various experimentation going on in that period. Electricity was still not commercially viable. A battery powered electric train from Washington DC to Baltimore failed, proving a gross embarrassment to the new field of electricity. After millions of dollars wasted steam still proved to be a better power source. Electricity still needed to prove to be reliable and commercially viable. 1860 - Antonio Pacinotti- Created a dynamo that provided continuous DC power 1867 - Werner Von Siemens and Charles Wheatstone create a more powerful, more useful dynamo which used a self powered electromagnet in the stator instead of the weak permanent magnet. 1871 - Zenobe Gramme sparked the commercial revolution of electricity. He filled the magnetic field with an iron core which made a better path for magnetic flux. This increased the power of the dynamo to the point were it was usable for many commercial applications. 1870s - There was an explosion of new designs in dynamos, designs ranged a wild assortment, only a few stood out as being superior in efficiency. 1876 - Charles F. Brush (Ohio) developed the most efficient and reliable dynamo design ever to that point. His inventions was sold through the Telegraph Supply Company. 1877 - The Franklin Institute (Philadelphia) conducts test on dynamos from around the world. Publicity from this event spurs development by others like Elihu Thomson, Lord Kelvin, and Thomas Edison. 2ff7e9595c
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